OpenStack Study: gettextutils.py

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# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may

# not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain

# a copy of the License at

# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software

# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT

# WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the

# License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations

# under the License.

"""

gettext for openstack-common modules.

Usual usage in an openstack.common module:

from nova.openstack.common.gettextutils import _

from logging import handlers

import os

import re

from babel import localedata

import six

_localedir = os.environ.get('nova'.upper() + '_LOCALEDIR')

_t = gettext.translation('nova', localedir=_localedir, fallback=True)

# We use separate translation catalogs for each log level, so set up a

# mapping between the log level name and the translator. The domain

# for the log level is project_name + "-log-" + log_level so messages

# for each level end up in their own catalog.

_t_log_levels = dict(

(level, gettext.translation('nova' + '-log-' + level,

localedir=_localedir,

fallback=True))

for level in ['info', 'warning', 'error', 'critical']

)

_AVAILABLE_LANGUAGES = {}

USE_LAZY = False

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def enable_lazy():

"""Convenience function for configuring _() to use lazy gettext

Call this at the start of execution to enable the gettextutils._

function to use lazy gettext functionality. This is useful if

your project is importing _ directly instead of using the

gettextutils.install() way of importing the _ function.

"""

global USE_LAZY

USE_LAZY = True

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def _(msg):

if USE_LAZY:

return Message(msg, domain='nova')

else:

if six.PY3:

return _t.gettext(msg)

return _t.ugettext(msg)

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def _log_translation(msg, level):

"""Build a single translation of a log message

"""

if USE_LAZY:

return Message(msg, domain='nova' + '-log-' + level)

else:

translator = _t_log_levels[level]

if six.PY3:

return translator.gettext(msg)

return translator.ugettext(msg)

# Translators for log levels.

# The abbreviated names are meant to reflect the usual use of a short

# name like '_'. The "L" is for "log" and the other letter comes from

# the level.

_LI = functools.partial(_log_translation, level='info')

_LW = functools.partial(_log_translation, level='warning')

_LE = functools.partial(_log_translation, level='error')

_LC = functools.partial(_log_translation, level='critical')

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def install(domain, lazy=False):

"""Install a _() function using the given translation domain.

Given a translation domain, install a _() function using gettext's

install() function.

The main difference from gettext.install() is that we allow

overriding the default localedir (e.g. /usr/share/locale) using

a translation-domain-specific environment variable (e.g.

NOVA_LOCALEDIR).

:param domain: the translation domain

:param lazy: indicates whether or not to install the lazy _() function.

The lazy _() introduces a way to do deferred translation

of messages by installing a _ that builds Message objects,

instead of strings, which can then be lazily translated into

any available locale.

"""

if lazy:

# NOTE(mrodden): Lazy gettext functionality.

# The following introduces a deferred way to do translations on

# messages in OpenStack. We override the standard _() function

# and % (format string) operation to build Message objects that can

# later be translated when we have more information.

def _lazy_gettext(msg):

"""Create and return a Message object.

Lazy gettext function for a given domain, it is a factory method

for a project/module to get a lazy gettext function for its own

translation domain (i.e. nova, glance, cinder, etc.)

Message encapsulates a string so that we can translate

it later when needed.

"""

return Message(msg, domain=domain)

from six import moves

moves.builtins.__dict__['_'] = _lazy_gettext

else:

localedir = '%s_LOCALEDIR' % domain.upper()

if six.PY3:

gettext.install(domain,

localedir=os.environ.get(localedir))

else:

gettext.install(domain,

localedir=os.environ.get(localedir),

unicode=True)

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class Message(six.text_type):

"""A Message object is a unicode object that can be translated.

Translation of Message is done explicitly using the translate() method.

For all non-translation intents and purposes, a Message is simply unicode,

and can be treated as such.

"""

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def __new__(cls, msgid, msgtext=None, params=None,

domain='nova', *args):

"""Create a new Message object.

In order for translation to work gettext requires a message ID, this

msgid will be used as the base unicode text. It is also possible

for the msgid and the base unicode text to be different by passing

the msgtext parameter.

"""

# If the base msgtext is not given, we use the default translation

# of the msgid (which is in English) just in case the system locale is

# not English, so that the base text will be in that locale by default.

if not msgtext:

msgtext = Message._translate_msgid(msgid, domain)

# We want to initialize the parent unicode with the actual object that

# would have been plain unicode if 'Message' was not enabled.

msg = super(Message, cls).__new__(cls, msgtext)

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def translate(self, desired_locale=None):

"""Translate this message to the desired locale.

:param desired_locale: The desired locale to translate the message to,

if no locale is provided the message will be

translated to the system's default locale.

:returns: the translated message in unicode

"""

translated_message = Message._translate_msgid(self.msgid,

self.domain,

desired_locale)

if self.params is None:

# No need for more translation

return translated_message

# This Message object may have been formatted with one or more

# Message objects as substitution arguments, given either as a single

# argument, part of a tuple, or as one or more values in a dictionary.

# When translating this Message we need to translate those Messages too

translated_params = _translate_args(self.params, desired_locale)

translated_message = translated_message % translated_params

return translated_message

@staticmethod

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def _translate_msgid(msgid, domain, desired_locale=None):

if not desired_locale:

system_locale = locale.getdefaultlocale()

# If the system locale is not available to the runtime use English

if not system_locale[0]:

desired_locale = 'en_US'

else:

desired_locale = system_locale[0]

locale_dir = os.environ.get(domain.upper() + '_LOCALEDIR')

lang = gettext.translation(domain,

localedir=locale_dir,

languages=[desired_locale],

fallback=True)

if six.PY3:

translator = lang.gettext

else:

translator = lang.ugettext

translated_message = translator(msgid)

return translated_message

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def __mod__(self, other):

# When we mod a Message we want the actual operation to be performed

# by the parent class (i.e. unicode()), the only thing we do here is

# save the original msgid and the parameters in case of a translation

params = self._sanitize_mod_params(other)

unicode_mod = super(Message, self).__mod__(params)

modded = Message(self.msgid,

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def _sanitize_mod_params(self, other):

"""Sanitize the object being modded with this Message.

- Add support for modding 'None' so translation supports it

- Trim the modded object, which can be a large dictionary, to only

those keys that would actually be used in a translation

- Snapshot the object being modded, in case the message is

translated, it will be used as it was when the Message was created

"""

if other is None:

params = (other,)

elif isinstance(other, dict):

params = self._trim_dictionary_parameters(other)

else:

params = self._copy_param(other)

return params

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def _trim_dictionary_parameters(self, dict_param):

"""Return a dict that only has matching entries in the msgid."""

# NOTE(luisg): Here we trim down the dictionary passed as parameters

# to avoid carrying a lot of unnecessary weight around in the message

# object, for example if someone passes in Message() % locals() but

# only some params are used, and additionally we prevent errors for

# non-deepcopyable objects by unicoding() them.

# Look for %(param) keys in msgid;

# Skip %% and deal with the case where % is first character on the line

keys = re.findall('(?:[^%]|^)?%\((\w*)\)[a-z]', self.msgid)

# If we don't find any %(param) keys but have a %s

if not keys and re.findall('(?:[^%]|^)%[a-z]', self.msgid):

# Apparently the full dictionary is the parameter

params = self._copy_param(dict_param)

else:

params = {}

# Save our existing parameters as defaults to protect

# ourselves from losing values if we are called through an

# (erroneous) chain that builds a valid Message with

# arguments, and then does something like "msg % kwds"

# where kwds is an empty dictionary.

src = {}

if isinstance(self.params, dict):

src.update(self.params)

src.update(dict_param)

for key in keys:

params[key] = self._copy_param(src[key])

return params

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def _copy_param(self, param):

try:

return copy.deepcopy(param)

except TypeError:

# Fallback to casting to unicode this will handle the

# python code-like objects that can't be deep-copied

return six.text_type(param)

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def __add__(self, other):

msg = _('Message objects do not support addition.')

raise TypeError(msg)

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def __radd__(self, other):

return self.__add__(other)

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def __str__(self):

# NOTE(luisg): Logging in python 2.6 tries to str() log records,

# and it expects specifically a UnicodeError in order to proceed.

msg = _('Message objects do not support str() because they may '

'contain non-ascii characters. '

'Please use unicode() or translate() instead.')

raise UnicodeError(msg)

def get_available_languages(domain):

"""Lists the available languages for the given translation domain.

:param domain: the domain to get languages for

"""

if domain in _AVAILABLE_LANGUAGES:

return copy.copy(_AVAILABLE_LANGUAGES[domain])

localedir = '%s_LOCALEDIR' % domain.upper()

find = lambda x: gettext.find(domain,

localedir=os.environ.get(localedir),

languages=[x])

# NOTE(mrodden): en_US should always be available (and first in case

# order matters) since our in-line message strings are en_US

language_list = ['en_US']

# NOTE(luisg): Babel <1.0 used a function called list(), which was

# renamed to locale_identifiers() in >=1.0, the requirements master list

# requires >=0.9.6, uncapped, so defensively work with both. We can remove

# this check when the master list updates to >=1.0, and update all projects

list_identifiers = (getattr(localedata, 'list', None) or

getattr(localedata, 'locale_identifiers'))

locale_identifiers = list_identifiers()

for i in locale_identifiers:

if find(i) is not None:

language_list.append(i)

# NOTE(luisg): Babel>=1.0,<1.3 has a bug where some OpenStack supported

# locales (e.g. 'zh_CN', and 'zh_TW') aren't supported even though they

# are perfectly legitimate locales:

# https://github.com/mitsuhiko/babel/issues/37

# In Babel 1.3 they fixed the bug and they support these locales, but

# they are still not explicitly "listed" by locale_identifiers().

# That is why we add the locales here explicitly if necessary so that

# they are listed as supported.

aliases = {'zh': 'zh_CN',

'zh_Hant_HK': 'zh_HK',

'zh_Hant': 'zh_TW',

'fil': 'tl_PH'}

for (locale, alias) in six.iteritems(aliases):

if locale in language_list and alias not in language_list:

language_list.append(alias)

_AVAILABLE_LANGUAGES[domain] = language_list

return copy.copy(language_list)

def translate(obj, desired_locale=None):

"""Gets the translated unicode representation of the given object.

If the object is not translatable it is returned as-is.

If the locale is None the object is translated to the system locale.

:param obj: the object to translate

:param desired_locale: the locale to translate the message to, if None the

default system locale will be used

:returns: the translated object in unicode, or the original object if

it could not be translated

"""

message = obj

if not isinstance(message, Message):

# If the object to translate is not already translatable,

# let's first get its unicode representation

message = six.text_type(obj)

if isinstance(message, Message):

# Even after unicoding() we still need to check if we are

# running with translatable unicode before translating

return message.translate(desired_locale)

return obj

def _translate_args(args, desired_locale=None):

"""Translates all the translatable elements of the given arguments object.

This method is used for translating the translatable values in method

arguments which include values of tuples or dictionaries.

If the object is not a tuple or a dictionary the object itself is

translated if it is translatable.

If the locale is None the object is translated to the system locale.

:param args: the args to translate

:param desired_locale: the locale to translate the args to, if None the

default system locale will be used

:returns: a new args object with the translated contents of the original

"""

if isinstance(args, tuple):

return tuple(translate(v, desired_locale) for v in args)

if isinstance(args, dict):

translated_dict = {}

for (k, v) in six.iteritems(args):

translated_v = translate(v, desired_locale)

translated_dict[k] = translated_v

return translated_dict

return translate(args, desired_locale)

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def get_available_languages(domain):

"""Lists the available languages for the given translation domain.

:param domain: the domain to get languages for

"""

if domain in _AVAILABLE_LANGUAGES:

return copy.copy(_AVAILABLE_LANGUAGES[domain])

localedir = '%s_LOCALEDIR' % domain.upper()

find = lambda x: gettext.find(domain,

localedir=os.environ.get(localedir),

languages=[x])

# NOTE(mrodden): en_US should always be available (and first in case

# order matters) since our in-line message strings are en_US

language_list = ['en_US']

# NOTE(luisg): Babel <1.0 used a function called list(), which was

# renamed to locale_identifiers() in >=1.0, the requirements master list

# requires >=0.9.6, uncapped, so defensively work with both. We can remove

# this check when the master list updates to >=1.0, and update all projects

list_identifiers = (getattr(localedata, 'list', None) or

getattr(localedata, 'locale_identifiers'))

locale_identifiers = list_identifiers()

for i in locale_identifiers:

if find(i) is not None:

language_list.append(i)

# NOTE(luisg): Babel>=1.0,<1.3 has a bug where some OpenStack supported

# locales (e.g. 'zh_CN', and 'zh_TW') aren't supported even though they

# are perfectly legitimate locales:

# https://github.com/mitsuhiko/babel/issues/37

# In Babel 1.3 they fixed the bug and they support these locales, but

# they are still not explicitly "listed" by locale_identifiers().

# That is why we add the locales here explicitly if necessary so that

# they are listed as supported.

aliases = {'zh': 'zh_CN',

'zh_Hant_HK': 'zh_HK',

'zh_Hant': 'zh_TW',

'fil': 'tl_PH'}

for (locale, alias) in six.iteritems(aliases):

if locale in language_list and alias not in language_list:

language_list.append(alias)

_AVAILABLE_LANGUAGES[domain] = language_list

return copy.copy(language_list)

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def translate(obj, desired_locale=None):

"""Gets the translated unicode representation of the given object.

If the object is not translatable it is returned as-is.

If the locale is None the object is translated to the system locale.

:param obj: the object to translate

:param desired_locale: the locale to translate the message to, if None the

default system locale will be used

:returns: the translated object in unicode, or the original object if

it could not be translated

"""

message = obj

if not isinstance(message, Message):

# If the object to translate is not already translatable,

# let's first get its unicode representation

message = six.text_type(obj)

if isinstance(message, Message):

# Even after unicoding() we still need to check if we are

# running with translatable unicode before translating

return message.translate(desired_locale)

return obj

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def _translate_args(args, desired_locale=None):

"""Translates all the translatable elements of the given arguments object.

This method is used for translating the translatable values in method

arguments which include values of tuples or dictionaries.

If the object is not a tuple or a dictionary the object itself is

translated if it is translatable.

If the locale is None the object is translated to the system locale.

:param args: the args to translate

:param desired_locale: the locale to translate the args to, if None the

default system locale will be used

:returns: a new args object with the translated contents of the original

"""

if isinstance(args, tuple):

return tuple(translate(v, desired_locale) for v in args)

if isinstance(args, dict):

translated_dict = {}

for (k, v) in six.iteritems(args):

translated_v = translate(v, desired_locale)

translated_dict[k] = translated_v

return translated_dict

return translate(args, desired_locale)

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class TranslationHandler(handlers.MemoryHandler):

"""Handler that translates records before logging them.

The TranslationHandler takes a locale and a target logging.Handler object

to forward LogRecord objects to after translating them. This handler

depends on Message objects being logged, instead of regular strings.

The handler can be configured declaratively in the logging.conf as follows:

[handlers]

keys = translatedlog, translator

[handler_translatedlog]

class = handlers.WatchedFileHandler

args = ('/var/log/api-localized.log',)

formatter = context

[handler_translator]

class = openstack.common.log.TranslationHandler

target = translatedlog

args = ('zh_CN',)

If the specified locale is not available in the system, the handler will

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def __init__(self, locale=None, target=None):

"""Initialize a TranslationHandler

:param locale: locale to use for translating messages

:param target: logging.Handler object to forward

LogRecord objects to after translation

"""

# NOTE(luisg): In order to allow this handler to be a wrapper for

# other handlers, such as a FileHandler, and still be able to

# configure it using logging.conf, this handler has to extend

# MemoryHandler because only the MemoryHandlers' logging.conf

# parsing is implemented such that it accepts a target handler.

handlers.MemoryHandler.__init__(self, capacity=0, target=target)

self.locale = locale

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def setFormatter(self, fmt):

self.target.setFormatter(fmt)

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def emit(self, record):

# We save the message from the original record to restore it

# after translation, so other handlers are not affected by this

original_msg = record.msg

original_args = record.args

try:

self._translate_and_log_record(record)

finally:

record.msg = original_msg

record.args = original_args

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def _translate_and_log_record(self, record):

record.msg = translate(record.msg, self.locale)

# In addition to translating the message, we also need to translate

# arguments that were passed to the log method that were not part

# of the main message e.g., log.info(_('Some message %s'), this_one))

record.args = _translate_args(record.args, self.locale)

self.target.emit(record)